Infant Mortality in Ethiopia

 

Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa, while it also has the distinction of being its second most populous nation. Because it is one of the least developed, this country faces significant economic and social problems. These include a situation where his health care system is still to be fully developed to serve its people effectively. Moreover, due to the low levels of pregnancy, as well as the cultural methods that have come to favor essentially large family sizes, the country has come to face significant high child mortality rates. This is especially the case considering that the people in the country are suffering from a severe scarcity of the basic needs such as food, clothing, housing and protection necessary for the promotion of the interests of the population. The rapid and uncontrolled increase in the population has made it extremely important for the government to change its policies in such a way as to promote the quality of life of its people while at the same time guaranteeing that health care programs have targeted them to create opportunities for treatment. The data on child mortality rates not only in Ethiopia but also in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa are a reflection of the considerable socio-economic problems faced by these countries. The data can be used effectively to ensure that there is a level of monitoring and assessment of the population, as well as health programs that have been set up.

Literature Review

Although the exact size of the decline across data sources is changing, the reduction in infant and child mortality over the past few years has been significant. This article, the main focus is not the absolute gross mortality, but rather the forces that change the gross mortality over a period of time from time to time. Infant and under - five mortality rates in Ethiopia has continued to tilt over the last 25 years with the more pronounced reduction in the last decade. The data show that nearly one out of every ten newborns (97 per 1000) did not survive to celebrate their first birthday, and one of all six children (166 per 1000) before her fifth birthday. In view of the slow pace of improvement in infant and child mortality to reach the child survival millennium development goal before 2015, Ethiopia should be under-five mortality in the ratio of 5.2 per 1000 live births each year since the beginning of 1990. As shown, between 1990 and 2000, the rate of the decrease under-five mortality was only less than 2 per 1000 live births per year. Ethiopia should therefore reduce child mortality by 7.4 per 1000 live births per year between 2003 and 2015 in order to achieve the MDG goal in question.

However, the official source shows that child mortality in Ethiopia fell by 35 percent between 2000 and 2005; Infant mortality declined by 21 per cent and the under-five mortality rate declined by 26 per cent over the same period. Nevertheless, mortality rates remain high. Data on infant and child mortality rates reflect the level of socioeconomic development and the quality of life of the country and are used to monitor and evaluate population and health programs and policies. In addition, commodity prices have declined considerably in the last fifty years. Another report shows that the infant mortality rate declined from 199 in 1950 to 90 and 77 in 2005. This task would be very difficult, taking into account past trends and large unfulfilled needs for the survival of children in Ethiopia. Therefore, a deep understanding of levels, trends, differentials and determinants of infant mortality is critical to any attempt to achieve the goal of reducing infant and child mortality through appropriate and sustainable interventions. In this article, researchers have updated a number of factors and, above all, on the reduction of mortality problems, a rough estimate of EDHS 2000 and 2005 for Ethiopia and described the relationship between infant mortality and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics in Ethiopia. The subject of research is an exciting subject.

The main objective is to analyze the decline in infant mortality in Ethiopia. In addition, it is very important to generate a discussion on the reduction of infant mortality and promote awareness of the problems related to the interval of birth and duration of breastfeeding. This can be studied in different ways, the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the children and the mother. Now the question is how has child mortality in Ethiopia gone? At what level? Is it true or not? For experimental determinations an analysis is limited to two methods such as the Brass and Trussell models of infant mortality. Specifically, this study examined the prevalence, duration of breastfeeding and infant mortality in Ethiopia.

The Trussell model shows child mortality and under-five mortality for a five-year period before the survey. The most recent EDHS 2005 estimates show that the overall infant mortality rate has significantly decreased. The reduction in the mortality rate of children under the age of five declines from 0-14 years preceding the survey. In particular, from 5 to 9 years, the death rate of children under the age of five decreased. A recent news article referring to a United Nations official gave the following assessment: "Ethiopia, the second most populous nation in Africa, has managed to reduce the death rate of children under the age of five by 40 percent over the past 15 years." The report also provided a coordinated death rate, carefully compiled from different sources, to provide a complete picture of the morality trends of children since the 1960s. Despite this, the infant mortality rate also declined to around 50 in the same survey period. As the Ethiopian government has implemented a number of activities aimed at reducing childhood diseases and mortality. The Government has developed a health sector development program and formulated a health policy with an emphasis on disease prevention and control.

It is rare to establish mortality rates with confidence for more than fifteen years before the survey. Even during the last 15-year period considered here, the apparent trends in mortality rates should be interpreted with caution for several reasons. First, there may be differences in the completeness of death reports associated with the length of time before the examination. Secondly, the accuracy of the age message at the time of death and the date of birth may eventually expire. Thirdly, the sample of mortality variability tends to be high, especially for groups with a relatively small number of births. Fourth, mortality rates are declining, as at present women aged 50 and older do not have children in the early periods. In particular, this truncation affects mortality trends. For example, for the period 10-14 years prior to the survey, rates did not include any births for women aged 40-49 because these women were over 50 years old at the time of the survey and they were not able to pass the interview. Since these excluded deliveries for older women are likely to have a higher risk of death than those for younger women, the mortality rates for this period may be somewhat underestimated. Estimates of later periods are less affected by the slope of the truncation, since fewer older women are excluded. The degree of this bias depends on the proportion of genera omitted. The selection of bias for the statistics of child and child mortality for fifteen years before the survey should be negligible.

Results and Conclusion

It is clear that infant mortality is high due to poverty and other social factors or poor medical care. At the same time, demographic factors affecting both mother and child influence infant mortality. In developing countries, low birth weight is due to poor maternal health and nutrition. Inadequate weight gain during pregnancy is particularly important because it accounts for a large part of fetal growth retardation. The birth gap is believed to be associated with infant mortality. The correct spacing of births allows more time for child care to provide more maternal resources for child care and also allow a healthier mother. But the scenario in Ethiopia is very different, for example; Access to health services is limited. In general, the reality is the health problems of mothers and children associated with fertility and birth. The maternal mortality rate of 673 per 100,000 live births and the infant mortality rate of 77 per 1,000 live births are among the highest in the world. There is a growing trend in the incidence of juvenile pregnancy, which accounts for more than 30 percent of fatalities as a result of unsafe abortion. About 90 percent of women in the home provide care, only 28 percent of women receive prenatal care, and skilled staff receive only 7 percent of births. Postnatal care is extremely low in Ethiopia. The low status of women in Ethiopia underlies and often directly undermines any negative reproductive health outcomes. Most Ethiopian women, especially rural women, lack the reproductive and social self-determination necessary for the exercise of their reproductive rights, which in turn reflects their low reproductive health and social status. Therefore, the decline in infant mortality is suspect. According to the results of the study the total rate of infant mortality in Ethiopia is highly rejected.